Media and the War on Terrorism free essay sample

A paper which examines the medias control of the war on psychological warfare. A paper which presents a point by point conversation about the war on psychological warfare and the medias control of the war. The author traces the cultural perspectives on the US assaults on Middle Eastern soil. The author additionally depicts the manner in which the media has controlled society individuals in regards to the assaults by declining to cover certain issues and helping out the US government. Perhaps the soonest ways that the media started to control the world feeling about the United States assault in the Middle East was its inclusion of Bin Ladens response to the assaults on 9-11. The media on a practically overall premise started to guarantee in November that Bin Laden had broadcasted credit was his for the attacks(Truth pg 10). We will compose a custom paper test on Media and the War on Terrorism or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Media in the United States, Britain, New Zealand and different countries demanded that he had conceded, we did it (Truth pg 10). It was accounted for that he admitted on a news organize in England. This would have an extremely overwhelming effect in transit society would see Bin Laden and the war against the Middle East. Until this happened, America just as different countries were offended at the assaults on America which executed a large number of regular citizens yet there was a faltering about who to assault.

Political Science Major Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Theory Major - Research Paper Example The New York Times, with an end goal to carry a parity to this discussion, permitted a trade of thoughts in regards to the subject â€Å"Do Police Use Deadly Force Too Often†. I have decided to utilize a similar subject as the postulation articulation for this article since this is an auspicious and very disputable theme that doesn't appear to have a precise reaction in sight. It is my sincere belief that the police have not been utilizing over the top power when managing perilous circumstances. I will introduce my supporting feeling in the last piece of this exposition. Meanwhile, I will introduce the two sides of the issue and ideally, wind up offering some information and contemplations to the peruser that have not been a piece of their thought of the theme previously. Seth Stoughton,a educator from the University of South Carolina School of Law has had the benefit of being both a cop and a state examiner. He imparted his insight with the New York Times in regards to the discussion about utilization of over the top power. It was his conclusion that an inappropriate inquiry is being posed in the discussion. As opposed to having an open that inquires as to whether the shooting was supported, people in general ought to rather be inquiring as to whether the shooting could have been dodged (Stoughton, Seth â€Å"Police Shouldnt Ask If a Shooting is Justified, But in the event that its Avoidable†). Stoughton talked from a one of a kind point of view. Having had the experience of a cop and state specialist, he has wound up in a similar circumstance as the officials blamed for utilizing over the top power. The sentiment he raised depended on his own understanding and direct information on the regular situations that the police are called upon to rea ct to. He realized that cops face outrageous conditions ordinary. It was his conclusion that the utilization of extraordinary power can't be stayed away from, however it tends to be constrained. Stoughton clarifies: The unfortunate shooting of Tamir Rice last November puts the contrast among â€Å"justified† and â€Å"avoidable† in obvious

Anna Os Life and Impact on Psychology

Anna Os Life and Impact on Psychology More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Anna O. was the pseudonym given to one of the patients of physician Josef Breuer. Her case was described in the book that Breuer wrote with Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria. Bertha Pappenheim was her real name and she had initially sought Breuers help with a series of symptoms that included visual disturbances, hallucinations, partial paralysis, and speech problems. Breuer diagnosed the young woman with hysteria and later discussed her case with Freud who developed his own ideas of what lay at the root of Anna O.s condition. Her treatment played an important role in the establishment and development of psychoanalysis. Anna Os Real Name Bertha Pappenheim Best Known For Anna O. was a patient of physician Josef Breuer.She coined the phrase talking cure.Made significant contributions to social work in Germany. Birth and Death February 27, 1859 - May 28, 1936 Anna Os Significance in Psychology Bertha Pappenheim referred to as Anna O. in the case history, came to Josef Breur for treatment for what was then known as hysteria. While caring for her dying father, Pappenheim experienced a range of symptoms that included partial paralysis, blurred vision, headaches, and hallucinations. During the course of treatment, which lasted from 1880 to 1882, Breuer found that talking about her experiences seemed to offer Pappenheim some relief from her symptoms. She dubbed the treatment the talking cure. While Freud never actually met Pappenheim, her story fascinated him and served as the basis for Studies on Hysteria (1895), a book co-written by Breuer and Freud. Breuer’s description of her treatment led Freud to conclude that hysteria was rooted in childhood sexual abuse. Freud’s insistence on sexuality as a cause eventually led to a rift with Breuer, who did not share this view on the origination of hysteria. The plunging into sexuality in theory and practice is not to my taste, Breuer explained. While the friendship and collaboration soon ended, Freud would continue his work in the development of talk therapy as a treatment for mental illness. Pappenheims case also influenced the development of the free association technique. Breuer used hypnosis during treatment sessions, but found that allowing Pappenheim to talk freely about whatever came into her mind was often a good way to improve communication. Freud himself once described Anna O. as the true founder of the psychoanalytic approach to mental health treatment. Five years later, Freud  published his book The Interpretation of Dreams, which formalized much of his psychoanalytic theory. While Breuer and Freud may have painted the picture that Breuers treatment cured Anna O. of her symptoms, records indicated that she became progressively worse and was eventually institutionalized.  So the famous first case he treated together with Breuer and which was vastly praised as an outstanding therapeutic success was nothing of the sort, Carl Jung, a former Freud disciple, noted in 1925. Jungs Theory of Personality and Learning Styles Pappenheim eventually did recover from her illness and went on to become an important force in German social work. In 1954, Germany issued a postal stamp bearing her image in recognition of her many accomplishments.

Women Mistreated in the Chronicle of a Death Foretold by...

In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the way women have been represented and characterized gives us an idea of how the female gender are treated differently from the male gender as well as children in Latin America during the 1950s. The husbands were given all the authority, also known as machismo, whereas women weren’t allowed to take charge of anything, and were portrayed as weak and impotent. The Vicario sisters were raised and trained by their mother, Purisima Del Carmen, to become good wives. They did not have very social lives and did not marry until late in life. However, the lines, â€Å"the girls had been reared to get married† and â€Å"any man will be happy with them because they have been raised to suffer,† from the novel suggests that†¦show more content†¦Angela is described as the prettiest of her four sisters and was considered well-named by Bayardo San Roman, who had admitted that it was the first impression of her name that had really caught his attention and was one of the main reasons he chose to marry her after taking just one look at her from afar. Her first name, Angela means â€Å"angel† (messenger of God) and her last name, Vicario is an actual last name in Spanish which means â€Å"a vicar† (a member of the church who exercises a range of pastoral responsibilities and is usually a representative of the Bishop). T his is all quite ironic because Angela is not a virgin and thus, not pure. Her confession caused her brothers, Pedro and Pablo to seek revenge by terminating the man that had taken her virginity, which results in a violent tragedy which is not holy or righteous in any way. The death of Santiago Nasar had caused the brothers to face a lot of misery, only due to the order of their sister, Angela Vicario. By exhibiting this, Gabriel Garcia Marquez shows the hidden power of women that only Angela had in the Columbian society at that time. However, towards the end of the novel, she had developed feelings for her husband, Bayardo and had grown overly obsessed with him. She started writing letters to him every single day for about seventeen years, but had fallen into the deadly trap of

IAS 40 Investment Property Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Overview of IAS 40 The overview of IAS 40 is split into four areas such that a brief history of IAS 40 is provided in the beginning followed by the definition of investment property which is used in IAS 40. Later on objective and scope of IAS 40 are described. Brief History of IAS 40 There has been a significant evolution with respect to Investment Property made by International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) such that the first issue of Investment Property was made in 1984 when an Exposure Draft E26 with the name of â€Å"Accounting for Investment† was issued. Within a period of 2 years, IASB issued a full fledge accounting standard on this area with the name of IAS 25 â€Å"Accounting for Investments†. However, in April 200, IASB replaced IAS 25 â€Å"Accounting for Investments† with a new standard named as â€Å"Investment Property† and withdrew previously issued IAS 25. IAS 40 is still applicable with having revised versions twice in 2003 and 2009. Investment Property Definition According to IAS 40, Investment Property is referred to as the property which is used by either the owner of the property or the lessee of the property under finance lease for the purpose of earning both of future rentals and capital appreciation or either of them. Objective of Investment Property As mentioned earlier, the core objective of this standard is to differentiate the property which is intended to be used in the ordinary course of the business with the one which is held by the owner or lessee under finance lease, for the purpose of generating rentals or capital gains. Scope of IAS 40 IAS 40 has outlined its scope such that this standard is applicable under the following kinds of properties (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008): 1.We will write a custom essay sample on IAS 40 Investment Property or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Holding land for the purpose of generating capital gains in future 2. Holding land for the unspecified future use 3. Leasing out a building classified as an operating lease 4. Holding a vacant building for the purpose of leasing it out classified as an operating lease 5. Underdeveloped and under-constructed property to be used as investment property in future The following items are specifically highlighted by IAS 40 which does not come under its domain: 1. Property which is in use for production, supply or for other administrative purposes 2. Property subject to IAS 2 which is used for the purpose of sale as an inventory 3. Property subject to IAS 11 which is used for construction purposes on behalf of third parties 4. Property subject to IAS 16 which is in use by the owner in the ordinary course of business 5.

Healthy Body Lead to a Happy Lifestyle Free Essays

People nowthere think that being rich and having a lot of money is the happiest thing in life. But, what is the use of money without a healthy body? Do you mind to buy the most delicious food but you cant eat it? or a pair of nice shoes but then you cant even wear it for a travel?. What is it feel when you can have your own big house and you can only sit there, in a room, worrying all about the disease that you get?. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Body Lead to a Happy Lifestyle or any similar topic only for you Order Now You don’t jump out of bed in the morning excited to be starting another day of your fabulous life. Instead, you drag yourself, grumbling, wondering what you are going to wear to cover your latest growing bulge. Somehow, it looks stressful, isn’t it? Can you see that world is moving at a faster rate, even more than the speed of light. Getting things done in a faster pace and presenting it to the world before anyone else, has become the priority for humans these days. In the quest of making money and fame I guess many of you are ignoring the most precious wealth of your life. Yes, it is HEALTH. John F. Kennedy once said: â€Å"Physical fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a healthy body, it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity. † Too often we take our health for granted and realize its importance only when we fall ill badly. Yet, it does not take a lot to be happy, eoungh that you have a healthy body and a healthy mind. If not feeling physically great at least having a healthy body is a prerequisite for a happy life. How to cite Healthy Body Lead to a Happy Lifestyle, Papers

Victor Hugo a French Romanticist Poet Essay Example For Students

Victor Hugo a French Romanticist Poet Essay Victor Hugo is a French Romanticist poet. He has written numerous dramatic plays, books, and romantic poems. His poetry is best known and appreciated in France. In France Hugo is haled as the leader of the French Romanticism Movement. Victor Hugos poems Once More to Thee and Regret reflect Hugos remorse and wish for happiness as a result of his uncaring and adulterous actions. At a young age Victor Hugo married a young women named Adle. Their young love turned sour when a critic fell in love with Adele and Hugo used it to blackmail him into giving wonderful reviews of Hugos newest poems and to promote his dramas and books with tons of publicity and articles on them (Ionesco 25-26). Hugo proceeded to forbid Adle to leave the house and considered it okay for him to cheat on her for the rest of his life (Ionesco 26).Hugo had a twisted sense of love as is seen in this quote from the Hugoliad, His wife Adele he neglects completely using her only to arrange his theatrical success. Absorbed as he was in his literary glory and Juliette Drouet he refuses to notice that Sainte-Beuve is falling in love with his wife. He refuses to notice it even when Sainte-Beuve intimates it to him (Ionesco 25). Hugo carried on an affair with Juliette Drouet for over 50 years to the knowledge and in sight of his wife, Adele (Victor Hugo 732). Victor Hugos family influenced many of h is early poems. When Hugo was in his early teens his mother forced poetry on him (Ionesco 13). During a grave illness Hugo stayed with his mother and she requested that he write a poem, when the poem was completed she promptly stopped dying. Things that occurred in his family often influenced his works. The conflicts between his loyalist mother and his Bonaparte father strongly influenced many of his poems (Houston 1). His early works were also influenced by the comradery and the sometimes rivalry between him and his two brothers (Houston 1). Victor Hugo was born in the year of our lord 1802 (Victor Hugo 732). He was born in a small French town known as Bescancon (Victor Hugo 732-733). Victor Hugos father was General Count Lopold Sigisbert Hugo (Ionesco 11). Eugene Ionesco said this about the General Victor Hugos father was a sort of rough and simple trooper, sufficiently devoid of scruples to abandon his wife and very young children. Infatuated with a bogus Spanish countess, he went and set himself up in Spain, where he governed a province in the name of Napoleon I (11). Victor Hugos mother packed up herself and her children and left for Spain to try and take her husband back from this fake countess (Ionesco 11). Sophie failed in her endeavor to win back her husband, so she fled back to Paris and replaced General Count Lopold Sigisbert Hugo with another man (Ionesco 11). She replaced him with a man in good favor with Napoleon, General Lahorie (Ionesco 11). After obtaining Lahories love Sophie did not neglect Victor in the least, in fact she began to guide his life once more, she forced him to turn away from the study of Polytechnic which he was well suited to with his low intelligence and strong work ethic (Ionesco 12). Victor Hugos poe ms were strongly influenced by his adultery. After he believed his wife had betrayed him his work had a strong melancholy tone (Victor Hugo2 165). Ionesco speaks often of this effect on Hugos poems Hugos poems spoke only of goodness and forgiving but his life was anything but. He showed nothing but the opposites of what he spoke of in his poems (26).Victor Hugos early literary understanding came from his father. Lopold Hugo was dominated by a crude sensuality, he nevertheless had a sort of flair that we might call literary, though totally lacking in taste or discretion, a flair inherited and amplified by Victor Hugo to proportions we well know (Ionesco 12). Hugo had a falling out with his father when he felt that he had abandoned him and his mother for a fling with a Spanish countess. Hugo reconciled with his father before he died in the year 1828. This relationship served to balance the loyalist fervor that he received from his mother. In the years of 1829 to 1833 Hugos work was er ratic due to severe emotional difficulties (Victor Hugo 733). He received the literary ability from his biological father, however his stepfather General Lahorie gave him the means to express himself, he taught him to read and write. Hugos mother affected his poetry more than anyone else due to the fact that without her he would never have written any poetry in the first place. After his mothers death in 1821 Hugos poetry became more royalist in nature (734). This earned him a royal pension and a place in the Legion of Honor (734). .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec , .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .postImageUrl , .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec , .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:hover , .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:visited , .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:active { border:0!important; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:active , .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2463bb31928dedad37a683abc261d6ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Proposal for a Replacement of the Failing Social S EssayHugos poetry is best defined by this quote, Victor Hugos poetry took many forms, from lyric to the epic to the elegiac. Along with this variety of forms, the range of the poets ideas expanded during his long career. From poems with political overtones, Hugos poetry grew to exhibit tenets of romanticism. He wrote of more personal and intimate subjects such as family and love. He also wrote about mans relationship with the Creator. As Hugo matured, his themes became more philosophical and humanitarian and his self-appointed role became that of a poet-seer attempting to understand the mysteries of life and of cre ation. (Victor Hugo 732)Hugos poetry often showed a wish for the revival of dead gods and the beauty they stood for (Victor Hugo 2 164) Victor Hugo once said I believe in God far more than myself .. I am more certain about the existence of God than myself (161). The form of Hugos poetry was far more surprising than the content, he used alternative forms of verse instead of the common form of the day Classical Alexandrine. He used forms of verification such as octosyllabic lines. As his work progressed it began to show more philosophical intent (Victor Hugo 735)The poem Regret by Victor Hugo shows the melancholy attitude that was common in much of his work after what he saw as his wifes betrayal. This is expressed in the line Are we, with many a grief to others known. This poem also expresses the mourning after his fathers death in the line of that we mourn always. The poem Once More to Thee reflects Hugos conviction in the fact that God exists. This is shown in the line A virgin pur e, to heaven thy soul brings. This poem also displays Hugos melancholy attitude in the line When on my sorrows though hast shed thy light. The poem Regret relates to Hugos life in many ways. The poem shows his regret at his wifes betrayal and his own slight regret that he is carrying on an affair in revenge for what he believed that his wife had done wrong. Regret also reflects his life through the fact that it speaks of tender recollections referring to his mothers love for him and it says that they are cherished long, this refers to his mothers death and how it affected Hugo and how he thought often of her. Once More to Thee also reflects his life. It contains references to God and show Hugos solid belief in God. This is shown in the lines I seen to touch the temples sacred veil and And say with Tobit to the Angel, Hail. Once More to Thee also refers to his mother. This is shown in the line For all her days belong, O Lord, to thee. Regret and Once More to Thee parallel in many ways. They both reference to Hugos sense of loss at his mothers death and they both refer to the perceived betrayal of his wife. They both contain references to God and holy objects. They both refer to multiple people, not objects or places, and their emotions. Bibliography:

Ode To A Nightingale Essays - Ode To A Nightingale,

Ode To A Nightingale ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE As one reads this poem of John Keats, the overwhelming feeling is the envy the poet feels toward the nightingale and his song. He compared the carefree life of the bird to the pain, suffering and mortality of men. He continually referred to Greek gods and mythology when speaking of the nightingale as somehow the Bird possessed magical powers. The speaker opened with the explanation my heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains my sense as he listened to the song of the nightingale. He compared his feelings to those of a person that had drunk hemlock or an opiate so that their senses had become dull, or as if drinking from Lethe-wards, a river of the lower world, which produced forgetfulness of past life. Keats compared the bird to that of a Dryad, or a female spirit, which was assigned a certain tree to watch over and whose life was so closely connected to the tree that if it were to die so would the Dryad. Or perhaps in some mysterious way the nightingale's song were some melodious plot to enchant his listener. He explained the reason for his envy as being happy in thy happiness or because the bird sang so beautifully with full throated ease. Keats longs for the effects of liquor draught of vintage with the taste of the country flora and country green which when consumed brings dance, song and mirth. He compares the song of the bird with the song of his poetry when he wishes to be full of the true?Hippocrene which was a mythical fountain on Mount Helicon that inspired poetically. He reflected on the belief that unlike his poetry, the nightingale's song would be remembered for eternity, because the Bird's tune would go unchanged, while his words would fade with time, so he wished that I might drink and leave the world unseen. Wishing to drink and disappear, to fade away into the forest dim, fade far away or rather to dissolve and ?forget we see how desired to escape from life and the problems that all men must cope with. He related how he felt about his life weariness, the fever and the fret and the fact that all men sit and hear each other groan. Some of his lamenting came from his despair about aging, how youth grows pale and spectre-thin, and dies; where but to think is to be full of sorrow and leaden-eyed despairs. In comparison to himself the nightingale seemed to have a life of ease, sitting among the trees without a care, simply singing. He told the nightingale to fly away for I will fly to thee, yet rather than be carried off by Bacchus and his pard the Roman god of wine and intoxication, he wished to be carried off by wings of Poesy. This Poesy refers to Keats poetry and he realized that he would not be able to compose while intoxicated, so he described this condition as the dull brain [that] perplexes and retards. Yet while he is with the nightingale and her sweet song already with thee! tender is the night he imagined the Queen-Moon ?on her throne, cluster'd around by all her starry Fays or fairies; for it is said that only during a full moon may one witness fairy dances. This alludes to the magical condition he believes the nightingale possesses and how she is able to lead him to this world of lore. At this time there is very little light to identify his surroundings, so his senses were awakened as he recognized the soft incense hang[ing] upon the boughs and detected the scents of the fruit tree wild, hawthorn, violets, the musk-rose full of sweet wine and listened to the murmurous haunt of flies. As he sat in the dark listening, he contemplated his death and related how he is half in love with easeful Death having written many times about him or call'd him?.in many a mused rhyme. At this time Keats thinks it is a good time to die and do away with whatever pain he may experience, as he said seems it rich to die to cease upon midnight with no pain

20 Exploratory Essay Topics Interesting Facts about Personal Names

20 Exploratory Essay Topics Interesting Facts about Personal Names Welcome to our second guide where we discuss 20 topics for an exploratory essay on â€Å"what’s in a name†. If you’ve missed our first guide where we discussed 10 facts for an exploratory essay on â€Å"what’s in a name† then we recommend that you go through that first before going through this one. In this guide, you’ll be introduced to 20 Topics relevant to your assignment, so you can begin writing without having to worry about where to start. We’ve also included a sample exploratory essay by choosing one of the 20 topics outlined below to give you a good idea about how an exploratory essay is faithfully written. Having essay examples on â€Å"what’s in a name† will prove to be very helpful as it will assist you tremendously in writing your essay. Once you’re done reading this guide, we highly recommend taking a look at our final and third guide, â€Å"how to write a deep exploratory essay on what’s in a name†. This last guide is perfect for polishing your writing skills and getting to know how a remarkable exploratory essay is written. Without further ado, here are 20 topics for an exploratory essay on what’s in a name: Why Personal Names Are of Psychological Significance The Relationship between Personal Names and Human Psychology Do Names Affect Your Life Significantly? Studies and Experiments Suggest They Do Why Deeper Research and Studies into Names Have Been Largely Neglected by Psychologists What Kind of Roles Does a Name Play in Your Life? The Reason Behind Trusting a Person Whose Name is Easy to Pronounce Why Boys with Feminine Names are More Likely to Bully in School Evidence Suggests Women with Masculine Names are More Attractive Physically Does Culture, Religion or Fashion Influence How We Name Our Children? Studies Show that You Cannot Have a Unique Name German Researchers Reveal the Most Appealing Names on Online Dating Platforms Why Psychologists Should Devote Their Time to Researching the Significance and Importance of Names Is there a Relationship between Names and Facial Appearance? The Effect of Names on Your Job and Professional Life How People Perceive You When You Have a Jewish or Muslim Name Psychological Factors that Affect Preferences for First Names Evidence Suggests that Your Name Might Make You a Future Smoker The Effect of Names on an Individual’s Self-Esteem and How They Seem to Feel Depressed The Definition of Attractive and Unattractive Names According to Psychologists Why Parents Should Be Careful When Choosing Their Children’s Names Liked the topics? There’s just so many to choose from, you may not know where to start. Allow us to help you with that: when choosing a topic, shortlist the ones which can be researched easily. This will assist you to writing the perfect exploratory essay without having to worry about what topic to choose. Below, we’ve written a sample exploratory essay for you on one of these 20 topics so you can have an idea about how to write an exploratory essay on your own. It’s good to take a peek or two when you are writing just to make sure you are doing it right. Anyhow, here is the exploratory essay: Sample Exploratory Essay: Do Names Affect Your Life Significantly? Studies and Experiments Suggest They Do According to Shakespeare, names are unimportant and arbitrary but research and evidence has shown otherwise, since a number of psychologists have taken a keen interest in exploring the significance of names and their effect on our lives as well as our interests. Studies now suggest that people’s lives are indeed influenced by their first names. Researchers have now found how people’s names affect their lives. For example, women that have a masculine name tend to achieve greater success in the legal profession while women with attractive names are considered more physically attractive. On the other hand, when research was conducted on boys[4]   that had feminine first names, it was concluded that they were more mischievous misbehaving at school and even after school. Although the reason was unclear, many psychologists agree that this was due to lower self-esteem and because their classmates might be embarrassing them by calling out their names. However, to this day, the real reason has not been unearthed. Our names also affect how others perceive us. During the studies, researchers found out that a name’s ethnicity plays a significant role in how we choose our jobs, our hometown and the people we interact with. In a recent study conducted by UC Irvine, it was concluded that easy to pronounce names are more truthful and trustworthy in the eyes of strangers, while people with hard to pronounce names are â€Å"hard† to trust. The study showed that easily pronounced names are also easily remembered, which is why our brain signals our instinct to trust that person. A study conducted by German researchers, found something of significance about the names. These researchers sent 47,000 emails to online daters and found out that people tend to go for attractive names. The best part? These emails did not include photos, but only names and a general introduction. This goes to show how important it is to choose an attractive name instead of a random one. For example, Alexander is one of the best names for males while for females, Charlotte is considered a top choice. These experiments and studies concluded that there is much to be revealed about names than meets the eye. Although psychologists neglect to investigate this matter further, it’s about time they started taking an interest in names and their effect on human behavior. Many studies and experiments have shown that names play an important role in our lives. Conducting more experiments and studies on a large scale would contribute a lot to what’s in a name and the significance of this subject. Now, let’s head to our final guide on how to write a deep exploratory essay on what’s in a name which rounds off our bare essentials for writing a marvelous exploratory essay. References: Robin S. S. Kramer, Alex L. Jones, (2015) Do People’s First Names Match Their Faces? Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis Vol. 12, No. 1  jasnh.com/pdf/Vol12-No1-article1.pdf Kenneth M. Steele, Laura E. Smithwick, (1989) First Names and First Impressions: A Fragile Relationship, Sex Roles, Vol. 21, Nos. â…ž , Mars Hill College  http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/documents/SteeleSmithwick1989.pdf Jochen E. Gebauer, Mark R. Leary, Wiebke Neberich; (2011) Unfortunate First Names Effects of Name-Based Relational Devaluation and Interpersonal Neglect, Sage Journals  http://spp.sagepub.com/content/3/5/590.short Andrew M. Colman, David J. Hargreaves, WladySlaw Sluckin; (1980) Psychological Factors Affecting Preferences for First Names* ARG, University of Leicester  https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/npb/people/amc/articles-pdfs/psycfact.pdf Andrew M. Colman, David J. Hargreaves, WladySlaw Sluckin; (1983) The Attractiveness of Names Human Relations, Volume 36, Number 4, pp. 393-402  https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/npb/people/amc/articles-pdfs/psycfact.pdf Hewitt, E.A. (no date) ‘WHAT’S IN A NAME: Gender, power, and Classic Maya women rulers’, Ancient Mesoamerica, 10(2), pp. 251–262. David N. Figlio, (2005) Boys Named Sue: Disruptive Children and their Peers NBER Working Paper No. 11277  nber.org/papers/w11277

Leadership Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Vision - Essay Example m and hard work for Stanford R Ovshinsky in accomplishing his vision of making big sheets of thin photovoltaic material that can help to derive electricity from sunlight at a cheaper cost and an alternative for fossil fuels. When Ovshinsky unveiled his vision before 40 years, nobody believed his vision at the initial stage. A vision can be more than a dream which is a motivated view of the future that everyone associated can believe in , which may offer better improvement what that may exist then and one that can realistically be accomplished. Strong, inspiring visions have been culminated with improved performance of the organisation. (Daft & Lane, 2007, p.391). Thus, this essay will look into detail about how leaders direct their insight and wisdom to lead others. The leadership vision is the founding stone of the leader’s view of leadership and sets out the long-run goals of a leader. The vision for leadership surpasses beyond simple perceptive and expectations about the function and role of the leader. It details and captures the preferred future that one visualizes for himself and his team, community or organization. An organization mission is totally diverging from a leader’s vision. Thus, the leadership vision can be described as an expression of what one want to do, establish or create when he assumes in a leader role. Vision details the leader’s philosophy pertaining to leadership and his reason in preferring to be a leader, and it acts as a significant guidepost for the key demeanors that being enacted as a leader. (King et al, 2011, p.50) As per John Gardner, the vision is the essential need of leadership. James Kouzes and Barry Posner view that leaders encourage a shared vision. Warren Bennis is of the view that leaders should have the capability of establishing a persuasive vision, to manage the dream. As per Ken Blanchard, two aspects of the leadership role are having a vision and applying the same in real terms. Margaret Sanger and Martin

Response journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response journal - Essay Example This guy tells how Indians fled to the mountain to escape the inhuman nature of Spaniards. The Indians flees into the mountains from the Spaniards oppression. I would have liked it if they stayed and defended their native land although much of the suffering they underwent, seems unbearable. Spaniards employed attacks on children and women. Yes, they are the most vulnerable species but I would prefer if the Spaniards would have only attacked men alone. Oppressions of the Indians in the hands of Spaniards calling themselves Christians makes me feel that Christianity as a religion, is all about man’s laws and yet it is not. Christianity as a religion is seen as ‘holly’ because it is Godly with empathy and sympathy. I will prefer the author to ignore the idea of Spaniards referring to themselves as Christians and maybe give them a name without considering religion. Oppression Indians endures from Spaniards invention, known as the Grater Antilles, is inhuman. As Christ ians, though judgement cannot be passed unless God himself judge, they are expected to be fair and loving to others. Whenever a Factories is built in any given area, I expect job opportunities to be created. Job creation improves living standards of those around the area. It is sad to see factories built on unhealthy land that is unfavourable for the settlement. The main purpose of this factories should not be to provide a place to keep goods that arrive late at the but to cater for Indies needs. Slavey emerges, an idea that I can not support but fight to discard out. Spaniards uses this factory as a place of forecasting weather condition in order not to pose any threat to slaves being transported by canoes. It is sad to see someone being cared for as a slave but not as a native of the land. In this case, human life i is being dealt with knowingly Spaniards who are calling themselves Christians, in an animosity way.

Teenage Purchasing Decisions for Cosmetics

Teenage Purchasing Decisions for Cosmetics Chapter 1: Introduction This introductory chapter is divided into five subsections. Firstly, a brief background of the research will be presented. Thereafter, the problem discussion will be provided, which in turn will lead to the purpose and objectives of the research. Finally, the delimitations and summary of the dissertation will be set. 1.1 Research Background According to Kotler (2008), consumer behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision-making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. He also stated that it also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality (Kotler, 2008). According to Baker (2002), consumers are not aware of the products and usage but constantly they are choosing among the various products. They are intentionally procuring the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products. Additionally if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very complicated to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example: If one local company enters into the market then to increase the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to recognise. Baker (2004) stated that the consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits. The consumer is the end user for the product; consumers buy the products in market; in order to execute flourishing sales operations in the market an efficient distribution channel and networks are required for the organisations. He also stated that advertisement, distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Manufacturing companies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behaviour in the local market. Thomas (2004) suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behaviour. In the current literature, there are two major approaches to studying consumer decision-making involving screening and choice. One approach is to extend the single-stage choice models by adding an explicit choice set from which the final choice is made (Swait Adamowicz, 2001). Another approach studies the process of screening prior to choice (Teder, 2000). Understanding consumer decision-making is important. From a practical perspective, marketing managers are increasingly concerned that their products/brands may not be considered or chosen over those of their competitors. From a research perspective, a more representative model of the staged decision process may significantly improve our ability to predict consumer choices (Roberts Lattin, 1991). Recently, the growth of cosmetic industry in the global beauty market represents a slight slowdown due to a weakened economic state in the most developed markets and declining penetration of emerging markets. However, among the gloomy picture of the worlds cosmetic industry, the Asian market emerges as the brightest star as according to the Euromonitors report (2009), the Asia Pacific markets value is up to more than US$70 billion which is the second highest after the Western European market. Among the European markets, UK is the fastest growing market with the compound growth rate of fourteen percent over the period of 2000 to 2005. The economic growth of more than seven percent a year since 1990 could be the reason why the UKs cosmetic market has attracted a lot of the worlds cosmetic leaders like Unilever, LOreal, Johnson Johnson and PG. These cosmetic companies activities in UK help creating an exciting and competitive cosmetic market (Euromonitor, 2009). Consumers unique shopping patterns are developed and affected by socialization agents, which include family, peers, and the media. According to Lachance et. al (2003), these socialisation agents may often impact whether or not the adolescents will buy certain products or brands.. However Miller et.al (2003) claims that celebrity endorsements do not influence consumers purchasing behaviour. In contrast Boyd and Shank (2004) maintain that consumers, particularly teenagers, are likely to select products or brands that are endorsed by celebrities. Moreover, peers are likely to exert normative and informative influence. Lachance et. al, 2003 identified that they may influence the teenagers brand and product choices. Additionally, an individual is likely to conform to a group if he or she shares beliefs and norms with the group (Arnould et.al, 2004). Also, a group is likely to effectively exert influence on an individual if the individual is highly committed to the group (Hawkins et al, 2004). 1.2 Reason Behind Choose the Topic The main reason behind chosen this topic is previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and celebrities on fifteen to eighteen year-old females purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Elliott and Leonard, 2004). Moreover, As for researcher, she always felt that â€Å"Consumer Buying Behaviour† is one of the most interesting subjects for her and as a female she thought to do a dissertation on the influence of celebrities endorsement on female teenagers would suitable for her to work on. Researcher did previous semester in LSC and she took a course on Research and Methodology (RM) which helped her to know the format of the research paper. Moreover her supervisor Dr.Fahads motivation and encouragement had helped researcher to select this topic. Researcher have studied out many articles of Consumer Buying Behaviour and annual reports of different cosmetic company and tried to sort out a topic, which is going to be suitable for her dissertation according to supervisors suggestion. This dissertation will help cosmetics firms and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to teenage consumers and to understand their purchasing behaviour. 1.3 Research Problem According to the website of BHB (2009), beauty and cosmetics are not innovations of the 20th century. It is known from reports of old Egypt and the Roman Empire that people have ever since attached importance to a cultivated appearance. Numerous up to date studies prove that today more than 60 per cent of women really care much about beauty, cosmetics, skin and body care. Even men show an increasing interest and demand in products such as skin care cosmetics, creams or anti aging lotions. To place and keep a cosmetic product successfully in the market, it is vital for companies active in manufacturing and selling cosmetics to have extensive scientific pharmaceutical and market research done. It is crucial for manufacturers of natural cosmetics or make up to know about consumer behaviour, trends and demands in the sector. Consumers might decide for a product because of its characteristics, its care factor, its sensitivity or its branding and attractive packaging. Cosmetics companies use the desires, senses and images consumers have or want to experience. More and more often, companies let celebrities and super models act as testimonials for fragrances, organic cosmetics or anti aging make up cosmetics. Colourful and exciting advertisements on TV, the internet or in print media tremendously influence consumer purchasing behaviour and desires. Packaging and the design of, for example, perfume bottles, let a cosmetics product appear even more desirable and trendy. This di ssertation will focus on beauty products in order to help cosmetics industry and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to female teenagers and to understand their purchasing behaviour. Previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and endorsers on fifteen to eighteen year-old males purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Cited in Escalas and Bettman, 2003). However, some research has investigated this influence among children (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004). According to Klein (2001), teenagers are mostly influenced by friends and may not necessarily be influenced by celebrities. Additionally, no research has been conducted on symbolic consumption in relation to beauty products among the above-mentioned age groups. The researches were conducted on general consumers with general products (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004). 1.4 Research Aim and Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate internal and external influences on teenagers purchasing decisions on cosmetic products in London. This research also investigates that how celebrities influence the brand choice of teenagers buying behaviour towards cosmetics in London market. The key objectives of this study are outlined as follows: To investigate how consumer buying behaviour factors influence female teenagers when purchasing cosmetic products. To explore the role of peers and celebrities and their influence on female teenagers purchasing decisions of cosmetic product. To analyse how celebrities influence the brand choice of youth females buying behaviour towards cosmetic products in London market. To give recommendation and conclusion. 1.5 Research Limitations The delimitations of a research study indicate its parameters; that is what the study will include and not include (Creswell, 2003). The scope of the study was limited to female consumers aged fifteen to eighteen living in the UK, specifically London city. This was due to time and budget constraints. In addition, the study only examines beauty products as opposed to general products. Further, the focus of the research was on symbolic consumption, peer groups and aspiration groups including beauty products endorsements rather than all internal and external influences. 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation Chapter 1: In this chapter mainly it talks about introduction of this dissertation, which also includes brief introduction of the topic, research background, rationale behind choose the topic, problem statement, aim and objectives and limitations of this research. Chapter 2: The second chapter is the literature review of this dissertation concerned about, the works of various authors and scholars who have highlighted and discussed about the theories of consumer behaviour and celebrities endorsement from different dimension. Chapter 3: This chapter will analyse the overall market overview of cosmetics products in UK Chapter 4: This third chapter will discuss the research method used in this research paper. Research method allows the researcher to plan and design the whole research in a proper way and shows the right direction to achieve an outcome. So the chapter explains the reasons behind the use of selected research method and the advantages by using the specified research approach. Chapter 5: This chapter discusses and analyses the market information and survey for the sake of the research. It also shows the data those have been gathered through interviews of customers, sales representative, and analyse the data to provide a fruitful meaning of the research finding. Chapter 6: This chapter has been discussed the research recommendations, limitations, further research on this topic and also describe how managers can get benefit or managerial implications of this paper. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter is the theoretical foundations that underpin this research study. In this chapter the theoretical framework relevant to dissertation purpose and questions will be presented. The chapter starts with a presentation of the brief discussion on consumer buying behavior, followed by purchase decision process and teenagers learning process and thereafter theories regarding factors influencing the purchase decision will be discussed. The following chapter presents the theoretical foundation of this research. The framework of the literature review is outlined. 2.1 Consumer behavior Consumer behavior is the study of consumers as they exchange something of value for a product or service that satisfies their needs (Well Prensky, 2003, p.5). The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related items (Schiffman Kanuk, 2004, p.5). In short, the company should study and create the marketing campaign for their target group. But in the product life cycle, due to the consumer behavior the image, target audience or function of this product can be in change. This group of consumers have a diversity of needs, such as a need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation (Solomon et al. 2004). Teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. They not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. For this reason, marketers are targeting their ads mainly at te enagers. To gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and used with humour. Moreover, teenagers tend to be inconsistent and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be accepted by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001). Finally, teenagers are â€Å"easier targets, because they have grown up in a culture of pure consumerism. Because of this, they are way more tuned into media because there is so much more media to be tuned into† (Bush et al. 2004, p. 109). Teenagers enjoy advertisements; a McCann survey shows that 75% of a sample of mixed 15-25 year olds felt that advertising was entertaining and 68% said that they found it a useful source of ideas about what to buy (Piper, 1998). When youths needs and desires are understood, marketers can show young consumers how products improve their lives. Harris Interactive, a Rochester, New York-based market research firm, estimates that teens spend on average $94.7 billion yearly ($3,309 per capita), while young adults between ages 20 and 21 spend $61.3 billion yearly ($7,389 per capita) (Schadelbauer, 2006). He also stated that interestingly, 69% of the U.S. youth respondents of one survey said that their parents pay their bills and they have little or no idea of who provides their telecommunications services or how much they cost. In the databases mentioned above, there are studies about ethical aspects of marketing to youth, whether regarding clothing, soft-drinks, cosmetics, technology, movi es, records, food, and tapes exchange. Some companies use â€Å"cool† appeal in their advertisements. The young people distinguish themselves among social classes to the detriment of their â€Å"natural† behavior by purchasing â€Å"cool† products. Misleading advertisements change the behavior of young people and can affect them when they grow up. In the 1980s, Nike and Calvin Klein brands began to focus on brand capital rather than on products themselves. Now, the brand names become the objective of the purchase in itself (Bergadaa, 2007). In particular, cigarette and alcohol producers are criticized by those who say that they are marketing to immature consumers (Schadelbauer, 2006). According to the Keynote UK marketing report (2008), respondents were asked if they had used any so-called ‘celebrity fragrances, as industry comment has been made on the popularity of such brands. Those who used fragrances endorsed by celebrities, who tended to be in the you ngest age group, were most likely to have chosen Britney Spearss fragrance; others of popularity included the Beckhambranded fragrances, and the Jennifer Lopez and Kylie Minogue fragrances The report also stated that the retail chain The Perfume Shop names Stunning by Katie Price (the glamour model formerly known as Jordan) as its most popular female fragrance of 2007, with Shh by Jade Goody in second position and Coleen by Coleen McLoughlin (the celebrity girlfriend of Manchester United football superstar Wayne Rooney) in fourth place. The Fragrance Shop, meanwhile, lists Coleen, Curious (Britney Spears) and Kate (Kate Moss) among its ten bestselling womens brands in 2007. 2.2 Consumer Decision making theories Acoording to Shao (2006), the decision literature can be classified into three broad categories: 1) normative 2) behavioural, and 3) naturalistic. In this section the differences between the three different approaches to studying consumer decision behaviour is identified. 2.2.1 Normative decision theory Normative Decision Theory originated in the economic discipline. According to Shao (2006), earliest researchers viewed decision-making as gambles and decision makers as â€Å"economic† men striving to maximise payoffs. The word ‘normative describes how decision makers should behave in order to obtain maximum payoffs. Examples of Normative Decision Theory include Expected Utility Theory adapted by Neumann Morgenstern (1947) and Subjective Expected Utility Theory adapted by Savage (1954) (Cited in Shao, 2006). An important addition of the Expected Utility Theory is the Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposed by Savage (1954). The main difference between the two is that the former uses objective probabilities, while the final uses subjective probabilities. By substituting subjective probabilities for objective probabilities, Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposes that the decision maker may be uncertain about whether the various outcomes (payoffs) will actually occur if the option is chosen (Beach, 1997). On the other hand according to Schoemaker (1982), Normative Decision Theory is actually a family of theories and at their core is a rational decision maker. The implied decision process is a single-stage process of consistent calculations of the options utilities. He also stated that consumer decision-making is a complex process. However, the normative assumptions are imposing an order on the complexity of decision-making (Beach, 1997). Over time, there has been growing discontent with the normative approach to studying consumer decision-making because the observed decision behaviour often violate the underlying assumptions of Normative Decision Theory. 2.2.2 Behavioural decision theory Behavioural Decision Theory emerged when decision researchers observed that decision makers seldom make explicit tradeoffs, let alone explicit use of probability and their preferences are constructed, not invariant (Bettman et al., 1998). The rational decision maker depicted by Normative Decision Theory was challenged by Simon (1955) who argued that decision makers have only bounded rationality and is seeking to satisfy. He also argued that Normative Decision Theory put â€Å"severe demands upon the choosing organism and those consumers do not necessarily search for all available alternatives, but choose the first feasible alternative that exceeds a given amount of payoffs. However he also proposed classic Satisfying strategy that was employed on decision makers in complex choice situations† (Cited in Shao, 2006) 2.2.3 Naturalistic decision theory Naturalistic Decision Theory originated from the discipline of organisational behaviour. According to Shao (2006), many researchers have developed various naturalistic decision models based on their observations of how decisions are made by individuals in natural environments. For example, a decision maker such as a fire ground commander will first recognize the fire situation, generate a few potential plans of actions, use cognitive imagination to assess the appropriateness of each plan to controlling the fire, and then act on the plan that he believes is the most appropriate (Cited in Orasanu Connolly, 2009). 2.3 The Buying Decision Process The consumer decision making process consists of mainly five steps according to most researchers within the field (Peter and Olson 2005, p.169). They also stated that the steps included in the model are; need or problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and the post-purchase process. However, not all purchased require every step. Consumer can skip the evaluation of alternatives when considering low involvement products (Peter Olson 2005, p.168). According to Hawkins et al. (2001, pp.26-27) there are more aspects than only decision making process that affect consumer behavior which are external and internal influences. 2.3.1 Problem recognition The consumer decision making process generally begins when the consumer identifies a consumption problem that needs to be solved (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p. 195). Problem recognition is the perceived difference between an ideal and actual state. Ideal state is the way consumers would like a situation to be or the way they want to feel or be at the present time. An actual state is the way individuals perceive their feelings and situation to be at the present time (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508). It can be said that consumer encounter the dissatisfaction or inconvenience situation and they would like to move to other preferable ones, problem is therefore recognized (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508). 2.3.2 Information search Once the problem is recognized, relevant information from the past experience or long term memory is used to determine if a satisfactory solution is known, this is called internal search (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.528) and if the solution cannot be found in internal search then the external information relevant to the problem will be sought. Normally after problem recognition has been stimulated, the consumer will usually begin the decision process to solve the problem, typically from internal search because each consumer has store in memory a variety of information, feelings and past experiences that can be recalled when making a decision (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.195). However, the stored memory can be decayed overtime, then they will be uncertain about their recalled information they will be engaged in external search, acquiring information from outside sources. According to Hoyer and MacInnis (2007, p.205), consumers can acquire information from five major categories of external so urces such as from retailers, media, other people and independent sources, and by experiencing the product. After searching for appropriate evaluation criteria, the consumers would probable seek appropriate alternatives-in this case brands, or possibly stores. They also identified that brands are affected in internal search and external search. In the internal search, consumers recall the sets of brands from their memory wherever the problem recognition occurred. Normally two to eight brands are tended to recall at a time and if they cannot recall brands from memory, the set of external factors such as availability on the shelf or suggestion from salesperson will then affected consumers purchasing. Additionally, well-known brands are more easily recalled during internal search than unfamiliar brands because the memory links associated with these brands tend to be stronger (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, pp. 203-204). 2.3.3 Evaluation of alternatives The next step in the process is an evaluation of the alternatives which consumer compares the available options and information that has been gather through the searching process (McCall et. al., 2002) and seem most likely to solve the problem. There are two methods that consumers use when evaluating alternatives, which are attribute-based choice, this choice requires the knowledge of the consumers to compare the attribute of each available alternative and tends to exploit more effort and time, thus to be rational in the evaluation. And the other method applied is attitude-based choice, this method occur when consumers use their emotion, such as attitude and impression, in their evaluation (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.560-562). 2.3.4 Purchase decision Consumers evaluate the stores image such as merchandise, service, physical facilities, convenience, promotion, store atmosphere, institution and post-transaction factors and make a selection to purchase at that specific outlet. On the other aspect, amount of the purchase, it is common that the consumers enter to one outlet with an intention to buy a particular brand but leave the store with a different brand or additional items. This shows the influences operating in the store effect consumers purchasing decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.609-618). 2.3.5 Post purchase behavior After purchase, the customers evaluate their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the product. Buyer satisfaction is determined by how close the products performance came to meet the buyers product expectations (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007). They also stated that consumers can experience dissonance (anxiety over whether the correct decision was made) or regret after a purchase (pp.272-273). One way of reducing dissonance is to search for additional information from sources such as experts and magazines. With searching for information to support and make the chosen alternative more attractive and the reject ones less attractive, thereby reducing dissonance (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.272). Additionally, information that supports the consumers choice acts to bolster confidence in the correctness of the purchase decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.628). 2.4 Consumer Learning Process Learning is a progression by which consumers systematize their knowledge and it evolved over time. Consumers attitude and their future purchasing activities can be influenced by the learning process constantly. For gathering information from the stimuli in their environment consumers use their perceptual processes. According to Ganassali et.al (2009), consumer behaviour is approached by researchers adopting a variety of interpretative models and with a wide array of multidisciplinary frames, from economy to sociology, psychology and anthropology. According to East (1997), a shared perspective the different approaches to the understanding of consumer purchase decisions can be grouped. 2.4.1 Cognitive approach According to Ganassali et.al, (2009), this one is deeply rooted in the economic science and assumes a sensible behaviour of the decision maker, based on the price of the goods and on its attitude to respond to functional needs. The critical variable under this approach is the availability of sufficient information about purchase alternatives (price, product functionalities) to support the decisional process. So, from this approach, a main block of determinants concerning product characteristics drives the buying process. 2.4.2 External conditioning approach According to Foxall, 1990 cited in Ganassali et.al, (2009), this approach, the purchase decision is a response to external stimuli .The significant variable under this approach is which kind of external stimuli can influence purchase decision. From this second approach, a group of external determinants can influence the buying process, for example parents opinions or ads exposure. 2.4.3 Experience social interaction approach According to this approach, the present consumer decision aims at the construction of personal identity (Ganassali et.al, 2009). Following this idea, two main streams have been developed. One focuses on individual consumption decisions based on â€Å"emotional† explanation of consumer behaviour (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982). Ganassali et.al, (2009) also stated that the other stream concentrates on consumption as a means of social interaction, building on the pioneer sociological contribution of Veblen (1899 cited in Ganassali et.al, 2009). From both streams, the idea is that each prospective consumer has an individual internal value schema (based on internal emotions and external social interaction) that manipulates what he/she buys. 2.5 Teenage Learning Process for Shopping According to Solomon et al. (2004), teenagers are group of consumers that has a variety of needs. Such as, need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation. He also states that teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. Since they not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. Therefore, marketers are targeting their ads primarily at teenagers. In order to gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and humorous. Moreover, teenagers tend to be fickle and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be received by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001). According to Moschis and Moore (2001), as people grow up from childhood to adulthood, they obtain the skills, knowledge and attitude relevant to form purchase behaviour. The conceptual model of consumer socialisation presented in figure 2.5 demonstrates this. It claims that an individual learns from a socialisation agent through interaction and that changes his or her cognitive organisation with age. The socialisation agent (Churchill and Moschis, 1979), can be a family member, peers, teachers, the media, and media personalities like athletes, movies stars, and rock stars (Mowen and Minor, 1998). They can exert strong influences on the individual due to frequent interactions, superiority or control over rewards and punishments. The individual is influenced by the agent during the process of learning. However, this depends on the individuals cognitive development or life stage and structural variables, like status, sex, age, social class and religious background. Additionally, the ind ividual will develop cognitions and behaviour, learning properties, which will form his or her consumer behaviour (Moschis and Moore, 2001). In Moschis and Moore study on teenagers decision-making (2001), it was found that for low involvement products young people depend largely on the mass media for information. The results of the study imply that socialisation agents may affect the consumers decision-making cognitions. The study also found that low-involvement products are bought with peers rather than parents (Moschis and Moore, 2001). Furthermore, teenagers are more likely to stand on their evaluation on the brand name and the sale price in their buying decisions. Males are more motivated by social consumption and characterised by materialistic attitudes than females. This may be because status, power and respect are important among the peers (Churchill and Moschis, 1979). 2.6 Influencing Factors of Purchase Decision 2.6.1 Advertisement Advertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits of products and services, and tries to persuade consumers to buy them (MacKenzie, 2004). Moreover, Kotler et al. (2005), claim that advertising aims at attaining target consumers to either think or respond to the product or brand. As a method of achieving advertisement goals, advertisements as well as their contents play an essential role in the process of commercial Teenage Purchasing Decisions for Cosmetics Teenage Purchasing Decisions for Cosmetics Chapter 1: Introduction This introductory chapter is divided into five subsections. Firstly, a brief background of the research will be presented. Thereafter, the problem discussion will be provided, which in turn will lead to the purpose and objectives of the research. Finally, the delimitations and summary of the dissertation will be set. 1.1 Research Background According to Kotler (2008), consumer behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision-making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. He also stated that it also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality (Kotler, 2008). According to Baker (2002), consumers are not aware of the products and usage but constantly they are choosing among the various products. They are intentionally procuring the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products. Additionally if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very complicated to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example: If one local company enters into the market then to increase the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to recognise. Baker (2004) stated that the consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits. The consumer is the end user for the product; consumers buy the products in market; in order to execute flourishing sales operations in the market an efficient distribution channel and networks are required for the organisations. He also stated that advertisement, distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Manufacturing companies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behaviour in the local market. Thomas (2004) suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behaviour. In the current literature, there are two major approaches to studying consumer decision-making involving screening and choice. One approach is to extend the single-stage choice models by adding an explicit choice set from which the final choice is made (Swait Adamowicz, 2001). Another approach studies the process of screening prior to choice (Teder, 2000). Understanding consumer decision-making is important. From a practical perspective, marketing managers are increasingly concerned that their products/brands may not be considered or chosen over those of their competitors. From a research perspective, a more representative model of the staged decision process may significantly improve our ability to predict consumer choices (Roberts Lattin, 1991). Recently, the growth of cosmetic industry in the global beauty market represents a slight slowdown due to a weakened economic state in the most developed markets and declining penetration of emerging markets. However, among the gloomy picture of the worlds cosmetic industry, the Asian market emerges as the brightest star as according to the Euromonitors report (2009), the Asia Pacific markets value is up to more than US$70 billion which is the second highest after the Western European market. Among the European markets, UK is the fastest growing market with the compound growth rate of fourteen percent over the period of 2000 to 2005. The economic growth of more than seven percent a year since 1990 could be the reason why the UKs cosmetic market has attracted a lot of the worlds cosmetic leaders like Unilever, LOreal, Johnson Johnson and PG. These cosmetic companies activities in UK help creating an exciting and competitive cosmetic market (Euromonitor, 2009). Consumers unique shopping patterns are developed and affected by socialization agents, which include family, peers, and the media. According to Lachance et. al (2003), these socialisation agents may often impact whether or not the adolescents will buy certain products or brands.. However Miller et.al (2003) claims that celebrity endorsements do not influence consumers purchasing behaviour. In contrast Boyd and Shank (2004) maintain that consumers, particularly teenagers, are likely to select products or brands that are endorsed by celebrities. Moreover, peers are likely to exert normative and informative influence. Lachance et. al, 2003 identified that they may influence the teenagers brand and product choices. Additionally, an individual is likely to conform to a group if he or she shares beliefs and norms with the group (Arnould et.al, 2004). Also, a group is likely to effectively exert influence on an individual if the individual is highly committed to the group (Hawkins et al, 2004). 1.2 Reason Behind Choose the Topic The main reason behind chosen this topic is previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and celebrities on fifteen to eighteen year-old females purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Elliott and Leonard, 2004). Moreover, As for researcher, she always felt that â€Å"Consumer Buying Behaviour† is one of the most interesting subjects for her and as a female she thought to do a dissertation on the influence of celebrities endorsement on female teenagers would suitable for her to work on. Researcher did previous semester in LSC and she took a course on Research and Methodology (RM) which helped her to know the format of the research paper. Moreover her supervisor Dr.Fahads motivation and encouragement had helped researcher to select this topic. Researcher have studied out many articles of Consumer Buying Behaviour and annual reports of different cosmetic company and tried to sort out a topic, which is going to be suitable for her dissertation according to supervisors suggestion. This dissertation will help cosmetics firms and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to teenage consumers and to understand their purchasing behaviour. 1.3 Research Problem According to the website of BHB (2009), beauty and cosmetics are not innovations of the 20th century. It is known from reports of old Egypt and the Roman Empire that people have ever since attached importance to a cultivated appearance. Numerous up to date studies prove that today more than 60 per cent of women really care much about beauty, cosmetics, skin and body care. Even men show an increasing interest and demand in products such as skin care cosmetics, creams or anti aging lotions. To place and keep a cosmetic product successfully in the market, it is vital for companies active in manufacturing and selling cosmetics to have extensive scientific pharmaceutical and market research done. It is crucial for manufacturers of natural cosmetics or make up to know about consumer behaviour, trends and demands in the sector. Consumers might decide for a product because of its characteristics, its care factor, its sensitivity or its branding and attractive packaging. Cosmetics companies use the desires, senses and images consumers have or want to experience. More and more often, companies let celebrities and super models act as testimonials for fragrances, organic cosmetics or anti aging make up cosmetics. Colourful and exciting advertisements on TV, the internet or in print media tremendously influence consumer purchasing behaviour and desires. Packaging and the design of, for example, perfume bottles, let a cosmetics product appear even more desirable and trendy. This di ssertation will focus on beauty products in order to help cosmetics industry and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to female teenagers and to understand their purchasing behaviour. Previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and endorsers on fifteen to eighteen year-old males purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Cited in Escalas and Bettman, 2003). However, some research has investigated this influence among children (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004). According to Klein (2001), teenagers are mostly influenced by friends and may not necessarily be influenced by celebrities. Additionally, no research has been conducted on symbolic consumption in relation to beauty products among the above-mentioned age groups. The researches were conducted on general consumers with general products (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004). 1.4 Research Aim and Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate internal and external influences on teenagers purchasing decisions on cosmetic products in London. This research also investigates that how celebrities influence the brand choice of teenagers buying behaviour towards cosmetics in London market. The key objectives of this study are outlined as follows: To investigate how consumer buying behaviour factors influence female teenagers when purchasing cosmetic products. To explore the role of peers and celebrities and their influence on female teenagers purchasing decisions of cosmetic product. To analyse how celebrities influence the brand choice of youth females buying behaviour towards cosmetic products in London market. To give recommendation and conclusion. 1.5 Research Limitations The delimitations of a research study indicate its parameters; that is what the study will include and not include (Creswell, 2003). The scope of the study was limited to female consumers aged fifteen to eighteen living in the UK, specifically London city. This was due to time and budget constraints. In addition, the study only examines beauty products as opposed to general products. Further, the focus of the research was on symbolic consumption, peer groups and aspiration groups including beauty products endorsements rather than all internal and external influences. 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation Chapter 1: In this chapter mainly it talks about introduction of this dissertation, which also includes brief introduction of the topic, research background, rationale behind choose the topic, problem statement, aim and objectives and limitations of this research. Chapter 2: The second chapter is the literature review of this dissertation concerned about, the works of various authors and scholars who have highlighted and discussed about the theories of consumer behaviour and celebrities endorsement from different dimension. Chapter 3: This chapter will analyse the overall market overview of cosmetics products in UK Chapter 4: This third chapter will discuss the research method used in this research paper. Research method allows the researcher to plan and design the whole research in a proper way and shows the right direction to achieve an outcome. So the chapter explains the reasons behind the use of selected research method and the advantages by using the specified research approach. Chapter 5: This chapter discusses and analyses the market information and survey for the sake of the research. It also shows the data those have been gathered through interviews of customers, sales representative, and analyse the data to provide a fruitful meaning of the research finding. Chapter 6: This chapter has been discussed the research recommendations, limitations, further research on this topic and also describe how managers can get benefit or managerial implications of this paper. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter is the theoretical foundations that underpin this research study. In this chapter the theoretical framework relevant to dissertation purpose and questions will be presented. The chapter starts with a presentation of the brief discussion on consumer buying behavior, followed by purchase decision process and teenagers learning process and thereafter theories regarding factors influencing the purchase decision will be discussed. The following chapter presents the theoretical foundation of this research. The framework of the literature review is outlined. 2.1 Consumer behavior Consumer behavior is the study of consumers as they exchange something of value for a product or service that satisfies their needs (Well Prensky, 2003, p.5). The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related items (Schiffman Kanuk, 2004, p.5). In short, the company should study and create the marketing campaign for their target group. But in the product life cycle, due to the consumer behavior the image, target audience or function of this product can be in change. This group of consumers have a diversity of needs, such as a need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation (Solomon et al. 2004). Teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. They not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. For this reason, marketers are targeting their ads mainly at te enagers. To gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and used with humour. Moreover, teenagers tend to be inconsistent and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be accepted by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001). Finally, teenagers are â€Å"easier targets, because they have grown up in a culture of pure consumerism. Because of this, they are way more tuned into media because there is so much more media to be tuned into† (Bush et al. 2004, p. 109). Teenagers enjoy advertisements; a McCann survey shows that 75% of a sample of mixed 15-25 year olds felt that advertising was entertaining and 68% said that they found it a useful source of ideas about what to buy (Piper, 1998). When youths needs and desires are understood, marketers can show young consumers how products improve their lives. Harris Interactive, a Rochester, New York-based market research firm, estimates that teens spend on average $94.7 billion yearly ($3,309 per capita), while young adults between ages 20 and 21 spend $61.3 billion yearly ($7,389 per capita) (Schadelbauer, 2006). He also stated that interestingly, 69% of the U.S. youth respondents of one survey said that their parents pay their bills and they have little or no idea of who provides their telecommunications services or how much they cost. In the databases mentioned above, there are studies about ethical aspects of marketing to youth, whether regarding clothing, soft-drinks, cosmetics, technology, movi es, records, food, and tapes exchange. Some companies use â€Å"cool† appeal in their advertisements. The young people distinguish themselves among social classes to the detriment of their â€Å"natural† behavior by purchasing â€Å"cool† products. Misleading advertisements change the behavior of young people and can affect them when they grow up. In the 1980s, Nike and Calvin Klein brands began to focus on brand capital rather than on products themselves. Now, the brand names become the objective of the purchase in itself (Bergadaa, 2007). In particular, cigarette and alcohol producers are criticized by those who say that they are marketing to immature consumers (Schadelbauer, 2006). According to the Keynote UK marketing report (2008), respondents were asked if they had used any so-called ‘celebrity fragrances, as industry comment has been made on the popularity of such brands. Those who used fragrances endorsed by celebrities, who tended to be in the you ngest age group, were most likely to have chosen Britney Spearss fragrance; others of popularity included the Beckhambranded fragrances, and the Jennifer Lopez and Kylie Minogue fragrances The report also stated that the retail chain The Perfume Shop names Stunning by Katie Price (the glamour model formerly known as Jordan) as its most popular female fragrance of 2007, with Shh by Jade Goody in second position and Coleen by Coleen McLoughlin (the celebrity girlfriend of Manchester United football superstar Wayne Rooney) in fourth place. The Fragrance Shop, meanwhile, lists Coleen, Curious (Britney Spears) and Kate (Kate Moss) among its ten bestselling womens brands in 2007. 2.2 Consumer Decision making theories Acoording to Shao (2006), the decision literature can be classified into three broad categories: 1) normative 2) behavioural, and 3) naturalistic. In this section the differences between the three different approaches to studying consumer decision behaviour is identified. 2.2.1 Normative decision theory Normative Decision Theory originated in the economic discipline. According to Shao (2006), earliest researchers viewed decision-making as gambles and decision makers as â€Å"economic† men striving to maximise payoffs. The word ‘normative describes how decision makers should behave in order to obtain maximum payoffs. Examples of Normative Decision Theory include Expected Utility Theory adapted by Neumann Morgenstern (1947) and Subjective Expected Utility Theory adapted by Savage (1954) (Cited in Shao, 2006). An important addition of the Expected Utility Theory is the Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposed by Savage (1954). The main difference between the two is that the former uses objective probabilities, while the final uses subjective probabilities. By substituting subjective probabilities for objective probabilities, Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposes that the decision maker may be uncertain about whether the various outcomes (payoffs) will actually occur if the option is chosen (Beach, 1997). On the other hand according to Schoemaker (1982), Normative Decision Theory is actually a family of theories and at their core is a rational decision maker. The implied decision process is a single-stage process of consistent calculations of the options utilities. He also stated that consumer decision-making is a complex process. However, the normative assumptions are imposing an order on the complexity of decision-making (Beach, 1997). Over time, there has been growing discontent with the normative approach to studying consumer decision-making because the observed decision behaviour often violate the underlying assumptions of Normative Decision Theory. 2.2.2 Behavioural decision theory Behavioural Decision Theory emerged when decision researchers observed that decision makers seldom make explicit tradeoffs, let alone explicit use of probability and their preferences are constructed, not invariant (Bettman et al., 1998). The rational decision maker depicted by Normative Decision Theory was challenged by Simon (1955) who argued that decision makers have only bounded rationality and is seeking to satisfy. He also argued that Normative Decision Theory put â€Å"severe demands upon the choosing organism and those consumers do not necessarily search for all available alternatives, but choose the first feasible alternative that exceeds a given amount of payoffs. However he also proposed classic Satisfying strategy that was employed on decision makers in complex choice situations† (Cited in Shao, 2006) 2.2.3 Naturalistic decision theory Naturalistic Decision Theory originated from the discipline of organisational behaviour. According to Shao (2006), many researchers have developed various naturalistic decision models based on their observations of how decisions are made by individuals in natural environments. For example, a decision maker such as a fire ground commander will first recognize the fire situation, generate a few potential plans of actions, use cognitive imagination to assess the appropriateness of each plan to controlling the fire, and then act on the plan that he believes is the most appropriate (Cited in Orasanu Connolly, 2009). 2.3 The Buying Decision Process The consumer decision making process consists of mainly five steps according to most researchers within the field (Peter and Olson 2005, p.169). They also stated that the steps included in the model are; need or problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and the post-purchase process. However, not all purchased require every step. Consumer can skip the evaluation of alternatives when considering low involvement products (Peter Olson 2005, p.168). According to Hawkins et al. (2001, pp.26-27) there are more aspects than only decision making process that affect consumer behavior which are external and internal influences. 2.3.1 Problem recognition The consumer decision making process generally begins when the consumer identifies a consumption problem that needs to be solved (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p. 195). Problem recognition is the perceived difference between an ideal and actual state. Ideal state is the way consumers would like a situation to be or the way they want to feel or be at the present time. An actual state is the way individuals perceive their feelings and situation to be at the present time (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508). It can be said that consumer encounter the dissatisfaction or inconvenience situation and they would like to move to other preferable ones, problem is therefore recognized (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508). 2.3.2 Information search Once the problem is recognized, relevant information from the past experience or long term memory is used to determine if a satisfactory solution is known, this is called internal search (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.528) and if the solution cannot be found in internal search then the external information relevant to the problem will be sought. Normally after problem recognition has been stimulated, the consumer will usually begin the decision process to solve the problem, typically from internal search because each consumer has store in memory a variety of information, feelings and past experiences that can be recalled when making a decision (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.195). However, the stored memory can be decayed overtime, then they will be uncertain about their recalled information they will be engaged in external search, acquiring information from outside sources. According to Hoyer and MacInnis (2007, p.205), consumers can acquire information from five major categories of external so urces such as from retailers, media, other people and independent sources, and by experiencing the product. After searching for appropriate evaluation criteria, the consumers would probable seek appropriate alternatives-in this case brands, or possibly stores. They also identified that brands are affected in internal search and external search. In the internal search, consumers recall the sets of brands from their memory wherever the problem recognition occurred. Normally two to eight brands are tended to recall at a time and if they cannot recall brands from memory, the set of external factors such as availability on the shelf or suggestion from salesperson will then affected consumers purchasing. Additionally, well-known brands are more easily recalled during internal search than unfamiliar brands because the memory links associated with these brands tend to be stronger (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, pp. 203-204). 2.3.3 Evaluation of alternatives The next step in the process is an evaluation of the alternatives which consumer compares the available options and information that has been gather through the searching process (McCall et. al., 2002) and seem most likely to solve the problem. There are two methods that consumers use when evaluating alternatives, which are attribute-based choice, this choice requires the knowledge of the consumers to compare the attribute of each available alternative and tends to exploit more effort and time, thus to be rational in the evaluation. And the other method applied is attitude-based choice, this method occur when consumers use their emotion, such as attitude and impression, in their evaluation (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.560-562). 2.3.4 Purchase decision Consumers evaluate the stores image such as merchandise, service, physical facilities, convenience, promotion, store atmosphere, institution and post-transaction factors and make a selection to purchase at that specific outlet. On the other aspect, amount of the purchase, it is common that the consumers enter to one outlet with an intention to buy a particular brand but leave the store with a different brand or additional items. This shows the influences operating in the store effect consumers purchasing decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.609-618). 2.3.5 Post purchase behavior After purchase, the customers evaluate their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the product. Buyer satisfaction is determined by how close the products performance came to meet the buyers product expectations (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007). They also stated that consumers can experience dissonance (anxiety over whether the correct decision was made) or regret after a purchase (pp.272-273). One way of reducing dissonance is to search for additional information from sources such as experts and magazines. With searching for information to support and make the chosen alternative more attractive and the reject ones less attractive, thereby reducing dissonance (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.272). Additionally, information that supports the consumers choice acts to bolster confidence in the correctness of the purchase decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.628). 2.4 Consumer Learning Process Learning is a progression by which consumers systematize their knowledge and it evolved over time. Consumers attitude and their future purchasing activities can be influenced by the learning process constantly. For gathering information from the stimuli in their environment consumers use their perceptual processes. According to Ganassali et.al (2009), consumer behaviour is approached by researchers adopting a variety of interpretative models and with a wide array of multidisciplinary frames, from economy to sociology, psychology and anthropology. According to East (1997), a shared perspective the different approaches to the understanding of consumer purchase decisions can be grouped. 2.4.1 Cognitive approach According to Ganassali et.al, (2009), this one is deeply rooted in the economic science and assumes a sensible behaviour of the decision maker, based on the price of the goods and on its attitude to respond to functional needs. The critical variable under this approach is the availability of sufficient information about purchase alternatives (price, product functionalities) to support the decisional process. So, from this approach, a main block of determinants concerning product characteristics drives the buying process. 2.4.2 External conditioning approach According to Foxall, 1990 cited in Ganassali et.al, (2009), this approach, the purchase decision is a response to external stimuli .The significant variable under this approach is which kind of external stimuli can influence purchase decision. From this second approach, a group of external determinants can influence the buying process, for example parents opinions or ads exposure. 2.4.3 Experience social interaction approach According to this approach, the present consumer decision aims at the construction of personal identity (Ganassali et.al, 2009). Following this idea, two main streams have been developed. One focuses on individual consumption decisions based on â€Å"emotional† explanation of consumer behaviour (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982). Ganassali et.al, (2009) also stated that the other stream concentrates on consumption as a means of social interaction, building on the pioneer sociological contribution of Veblen (1899 cited in Ganassali et.al, 2009). From both streams, the idea is that each prospective consumer has an individual internal value schema (based on internal emotions and external social interaction) that manipulates what he/she buys. 2.5 Teenage Learning Process for Shopping According to Solomon et al. (2004), teenagers are group of consumers that has a variety of needs. Such as, need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation. He also states that teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. Since they not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. Therefore, marketers are targeting their ads primarily at teenagers. In order to gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and humorous. Moreover, teenagers tend to be fickle and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be received by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001). According to Moschis and Moore (2001), as people grow up from childhood to adulthood, they obtain the skills, knowledge and attitude relevant to form purchase behaviour. The conceptual model of consumer socialisation presented in figure 2.5 demonstrates this. It claims that an individual learns from a socialisation agent through interaction and that changes his or her cognitive organisation with age. The socialisation agent (Churchill and Moschis, 1979), can be a family member, peers, teachers, the media, and media personalities like athletes, movies stars, and rock stars (Mowen and Minor, 1998). They can exert strong influences on the individual due to frequent interactions, superiority or control over rewards and punishments. The individual is influenced by the agent during the process of learning. However, this depends on the individuals cognitive development or life stage and structural variables, like status, sex, age, social class and religious background. Additionally, the ind ividual will develop cognitions and behaviour, learning properties, which will form his or her consumer behaviour (Moschis and Moore, 2001). In Moschis and Moore study on teenagers decision-making (2001), it was found that for low involvement products young people depend largely on the mass media for information. The results of the study imply that socialisation agents may affect the consumers decision-making cognitions. The study also found that low-involvement products are bought with peers rather than parents (Moschis and Moore, 2001). Furthermore, teenagers are more likely to stand on their evaluation on the brand name and the sale price in their buying decisions. Males are more motivated by social consumption and characterised by materialistic attitudes than females. This may be because status, power and respect are important among the peers (Churchill and Moschis, 1979). 2.6 Influencing Factors of Purchase Decision 2.6.1 Advertisement Advertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits of products and services, and tries to persuade consumers to buy them (MacKenzie, 2004). Moreover, Kotler et al. (2005), claim that advertising aims at attaining target consumers to either think or respond to the product or brand. As a method of achieving advertisement goals, advertisements as well as their contents play an essential role in the process of commercial